Publications des diplômés PhD

A ce jour, la littérature consacrée à la prise de décision dans les organisations démocratiques s’est focalisée avant tout sur leurs organes de gouvernance et processus formels. C’est vrai des études portant sur les organisations démocratiques traditionnelles telles que partis politiques, syndicats, coopératives et associations, axées sur l’activité des bureaux, conseils d’administration et assemblées générales. C’est vrai également des études portant sur les organisations apparentées à des mouvements sociaux telles que collectifs féministes et groupes d’affinité anarchistes, axées sur les processus de décision par consensus. Dans cet article, nous visons par conséquent à documenter la contribution jusqu’ici négligée de la communication informelle à la démocratie organisationnelle. Pour ce faire, nous mobilisons un cadre théorique pragmatiste – autour des notions d’enquête et de communauté d’enquête – et une méthodologie ethnographique, et les appliquons à l’étude de Scopix, une coopérative de salariés caractérisée par un égalitarisme très appuyé. L’analyse des processus de décision entourant deux problématiques particulièrement sensibles pour les coopérateurs nous permet de montrer que : 1/ l’enquête est déclenchée par une atteinte perçue à l’égalité entre coopérateurs ; 2/ la progression de l’enquête passe par l’élargissement de la communauté d’enquête à l’ensemble des coopérateurs ainsi qu’à des personnes extérieures à la coopérative voire à des acteurs non-humains ; 3/ la clôture de l’enquête vient provisoirement verbaliser le rapport de forces entre les coalitions que l’enquête a fait émerger. En donnant à voir le rôle crucial joué par la communication informelle dans la prise de décision, nos résultats contribuent à offrir une compréhension de la démocratie organisationnelle plus équilibrée et fidèle à la réalité, telle qu’elle se pratique au quotidien.

Il est communément admis que la tendance dans les organisations contemporaines est à l’aplatissement des lignes hiérarchiques, processus qui serait encore davantage marqué dans les organisations dites « alternatives ». Nous proposons dans ce chapitre de questionner ce postulat au travers de l’étude de trois cas : une coopérative à la culture très égalitaire, une organisation libérée et un réseau d’organisations centralisé autour d’un syndicat. Nous nous appuyons sur les travaux de Diefenbach et Sillince (2011) pour mettre notamment en lumière la subtile relation qui s’y joue entre hiérarchies formelles et informelles. En étudiant trois types d’organisations non couverts par le modèle initialement proposé par ces auteurs, notre analyse permet tout à la fois de compléter leur typologie et d’éclairer des dimensions jusqu’ici négligées de la hiérarchie.

This paper aims to discuss the nature of Digital Twins (DTs) using the theoretical lens of Information Technology (IT) artifact. Utilizing a systematic literature review approach, we propose that DTs go beyond conventional understanding of IT artifacts and can provide organizations with capabilities that allow for performance improvement. Additionally we bring to light aspects of DTs that could benefit from further research in the form of a research agenda.

In this article, we aim to unveil the cultural significance of coffee drinking and smoking for the way workers construct and reproduce their identities in the workplace. To do so, we draw on the ethnographic study of Scopix, a cooperative sheet-metal factory of 25 workers in which coffee drinking and smoking practices are prevalent. Our results show that these practices have a three-fold effect on workers’ identities as: 1/ members of their organization in that participation in coffee drinking and smoking as well as attendance to the social rules that govern these activities foster workers’ sense of belonging; 2/ co-operators in that smoking acts as a symbol of Scopix’s cooperative status and coffee drinking as an essential cog in the wheel of its democratic functioning; and 3/ craft workers in that coffee drinking and smoking inform not only about workers’ indiscipline but also, more positively, about their resistance to managerial injunctions and claims for autonomy in the conduct of their tasks. Finally, we elaborate on the contributions of these observations to organization studies.

The present essay aims to alert researchers of cooperatives to the drawbacks and limitations of the concepts of “management” and “governance” for the study but also the development of such organizations. From a heuristic point of view, these two concepts and the analytical frameworks attached to them are increasingly losing their relevance. It is thus possible to argue that talking about “management” or “governance” contributes today to obscuring rather than illuminating the diverse and contrasting realities of cooperative organizations. Perhaps more troublesome still, from a practical point of view, the hegemony of these two concepts exerts performative effects on cooperatives. These strive to be increasingly “manageable” and “governable”, which restricts their imaginaries and distances them from the alternative principles and values which are supposed to be at their core. In order to overcome these limits, this essay suggests drawing on the works of scholars in the field of critical management studies as well as on those of thinkers of democracy who are wary about the tradition of political philosophy. In place of the concepts of “management” and “governance”, it is eventually proposed to reinvest those, respectively, of “organization” and “politics”.

In this chapter, we unpack the embodied and economic precarity that envelops spiritual body work, such as yoga teaching, in neoliberal economies. Using a life history approach, we illustrate how Maria – a part-time yoga teacher and single mum of two – navigates acute experiences of embodiment (ill health, childbearing and childrearing) and the economic precarity of supporting herself and her family. We theorize how the mobilization of spirituality through doing and teaching yoga represents a reprieve and health-management tool, but also produces and reinforces neoliberal, postmaternal and postfeminist discourses. This ultimately results in the individualization of responsibility in terms of work, but also personal health and family demands.

Management studies have witnessed a surge of interest in alternative organizations and organizing in recent years. In the present chapter, I suggest that anthropology has a major role to play in the further development of this growing endeavour that seeks to better understand and promote existing alternatives, as well as imagine new ones. To that purpose, I first argue that anthropology when envisaged as a paradigm has for it a spirit of openness that may help eschew the preconceived perspectives that encumber most management studies with regard to the forms economic organization may or should take on. This spirit is, I contend, particularly conducive to identifying alternative values and modes of organizing and providing positive interpretations thereof, thus contributing to the deconstruction of what are often reductionist managerial models. I then argue that when envisaged as a method – i.e. ethnography – anthropology can offer a unique window on the actual making of alternative organizations as it leans towards local meanings and everyday experiences of organizational members, and has a field- rather than theory-driven manner of problematizing. These characteristics provide, I suggest, a necessary counterpoint to an overly dominant focus in the literature on design and governance issues as well as on abstract theoretical problems. Finally, I illustrate these two arguments by discussing model studies of alternative organizations and organizing by anthropologists, that is, Sharryn Kasmir’s The Myth of Mondragon (1996) and David Graeber’s Direct Action (2009).

In this paper, we reappraise the cooperative literature through a decolonial lens. Decolonialism argues that cultural, economic and political dominance of the main industrial nations have not disappeared with the end of colonialism. Decolonialists scholars focus on the continuing impact of westernized discourses (e.g., Imperialism, Capitalism, Nationalism, and Modernity) on the “subalterns”, while understanding its economic, social and political effects. Within that perspective, we question the member-owned, member-controlled, and member-benefiting nature of cooperatives established by the International Cooperative Association (ICA) and embraced as an undisputable essence of the cooperative model. Despite the institutionalization of the three principles, we argue that they do not correspond to a universal imperative (or ideal), particularly at the margins of the major cooperative meta-organizations (e.g., federations, networks). Different social, political, economic, and cultural contexts, we suggest, demand different dynamics that might transform and add to the western “universalized” principles. We suggest that the cooperative literature has to take into account the diversity of cooperative models worldwide and their impacts in terms of (meta-)organizational structure and practices.

Extant research suggests that cooperative support organisations offer various resources – e.g. economic, political or social – to secure the viability of cooperative organisations. While it is readily assumed that cooperative support organisations exist primarily to generate an institutional environment under which cooperatives flourish, there are indications that, paradoxically, they could end up acting as conduits for cooperative degeneration. But although a connection between support organisations and cooperative degeneration might exist, we still know very little about how support organisations actually erode cooperative and democratic values. Responding to this situation, this paper presents preliminary insights from an ethnographic investigation of the consultants of a regional cooperative federation who counselled a worker cooperative facing economic difficulties. Drawing conceptual inspiration from different literatures on (organisational) rhetoric, our analysis attends to how consultants tried to persuade cooperative members that the cooperative and democratic values and practices upon which their organisation was predicated were no longer appropriate, and that a more hierarchical and managerial approach was needed to secure the survival of the cooperative. Throwing into sharp relief the presuppositions upon which the suggested redefinition of the cooperative was based, we argue that key to understanding the link between support organisations and cooperative degeneration are minute, qualitative inquiries focusing on how persuasive communication gets used to divert cooperatives from their cooperative and democratic path.

The digital era is characterized by the widespread diffusion of information technologies (IT) offering great degrees of malleability in how their features may be interpreted and used. While there are immediate advantages to leveraging the malleability of IT, this could also prove a source of confusion for lay users who are faced with multiple interpretations of what IT can do. Despite growing evidence of this phenomenon, current research lacks the concepts and tools to adequately capture its impact on IT acceptance, adoption, and use. In this paper, we first deploy the “perceived functional ambiguity" (PFA) construct, describing its dimensionality and relationships with measures. Then, we develop and validate the corresponding multidimensional measurement instrument. Finally, we test the effect of the construct across three studies assessing how users perceive social media (N=419), smartphones (N=411) and smart speakers (N=346). Our results suggest that ambiguity has a double-edged sword effect on users’ perception of IT: greater levels of ambiguity are associated with greater utilitarian and hedonic value, but they also entail substantial learning costs. This research contributes to advancing our theoretical understanding of IT use by introducing ambiguity as a factor underpinning contemporary IT use.

Consumption stigma carries the potential to disenfranchise those who consume in two ways: either the natural traits of consumers are socially discredited (endowed stigma; e.g., gen-der, race/ethnicity) or the nature of their consumption is socially disgraceful (achieved stigma; e.g., immoral, unhealthy). This paper develops a better understanding of consumption stigma and its substantial implications for marketers. First, a conceptualization is developed that defines the elements creating consumption stigma. Second, a Consumption Stigmatization Model is pro-posed, which integrates the mechanisms that determine consumption stigma between observers and stigmatized consumers. Third, delving deeper, eight theoretical propositions are presented, which pave avenues for further research on consumer responses to stigma. As this research shows, stigma is a complex consumption dynamic that implies several dilemmas for both brands and consumers to manage.

Digital Twins (DT) are unique. They not only mimic their physical counterparts but are able to cognitively enhance the physical twins’ (PT) abilities by providing real-time feedback and decision making support. This makes them an interesting topic for research since their representation does not fit neatly with the traditional understanding of the IT Artifact. Our research explores DTs through a systematic review which allows us to not only to identify and propose a set of unique properties but provide a framework to better understand DTs. We also attempt to explain why the traditional understanding of the IT Artifact requires further refinement to better explain the idiosyncrasies presented by DTs.

La littérature consacrée aux coopératives insiste sur le rôle important joué par les diverses fédérations nationales et régionales chargées d’appuyer celles-ci dans leur création puis leur développement. Ces organisations support contribuent notamment à générer un environnement institutionnel favorable aux coopératives, les protégeant de certaines contraintes associées au monde capitaliste de façon à encourager leur orientation démocratique, sociale et solidaire. Néanmoins, nous en savons encore très peu sur la façon dont ces organisations interagissent concrètement avec les coopératives dont elles assurent le support. Afin de combler cette lacune, nous nous intéressons dans le présent article à la relation entre une coopérative de salariés momentanément confrontée à des difficultés de gestion et l’Union Régionale des SCOP (URSCOP) chargée de lui venir en aide. Nous montrons tout d’abord que l’action des consultants mobilisés par l’URSCOP vise à encourager la managérialisation de la coopérative, les amenant au passage à un travail de redéfinition de ce que seraient les véritables valeurs coopératives. Nous analysons ensuite les présupposés néolibéraux sur lesquels reposent cette inclinaison managérialiste et cette entreprise de redéfinition des valeurs coopératives. Enfin, en établissant un lien direct entre les injonctions à la managérialisation observées au cours de notre étude et le phénomène de dégénérescence coopérative, nous contribuons à une meilleure compréhension de cette dernière notion.

Modern life is punctuated by breaks. We demonstrate how the framing of a break (i.e., congruency with the focal task and whether the break is expected vs. unexpected) motivates creative thinking and problem-solving towards a consumption goal pursuit, with consequences for optimal shopping choices

Established organizations regularly fail in their strategic responses to large-scale environmental transformations. In this chapter, we analyze the case of the British Broadcasting Corporation's (BBC) successful response to digitization of the broadcasting industry. We identify two main forms of strategic response – establishing external collaborations and developing internal competencies –, which were driven by recurrent cycles of renewal of the BBC's Royal Charter. We conceptualize this process as "temporary incorporation", an effective driver of strategic responsiveness not yet been discussed in the literature. Our discussion relates temporary incorporation to previous work on strategic change.

Demand-side load management is considered a cost-efficient solution for ac-commodating growing shares of intermittent renewable electricity production. Here, we use double-bounded dichotomous choice (DBDC) contingent valua-tion (CV) to estimate the effectiveness of a subsidy for companies to make available their HVAC and cooling systems for automated load management. Our sample includes 1131 companies in the German commerce and services sector with =10 employees of which we elicit the willingness to accept (WTA) automated load management in exchange for an annual subsidy payment. To our knowledge, our study is the first CV study on load management among companies.

There are circumstances when conspicuous luxury consumption becomes socially stigmatized and this overt display of luxury is actually harmful to the consumer. Two studies show that stigmatized product attributes (i.e. antisocial or distasteful) generally reduce purchase intentions however low social visibility can undermine social stigma increasing luxury product purchase intentions.

Un défi majeur à relever pour une start-up est celui de convaincre à la fois ses investisseurs et ses clients que son produit ou son service atteindra avec succès le marché. Pour ce faire, elle doit créer et mettre en place un business model ou modèle économique qui soit acceptable et légitime pour l’ensemble des parties prenantes.

There are circumstances when conspicuous luxury consumption becomes socially stigmatized and this overt display of luxury is actually harmful to the consumer. Two studies show that stigmatized product attributes (i.e. antisocial or distasteful) generally reduce purchase intentions however low social visibility can undermine social stigma increasing luxury product purchase intentions.

Fighting temptations is human nature but how exactly do we reconcile our personal desires for stigmatized products whose consumption may negatively impact our civic standing? Two studies demonstrate how consumers appraise two closely linked stigmatized products (alcohol and cannabis) differently considering situational factors one’s anticipatory emotions and civic risk perception.

This paper utilizes a network perspective to show how the totality of one’s social connections impacts well-being by providing access to resources (e.g., information, feedback, and support) and placing limits on autonomy. We provide a brief review of basic network concepts and explain the importance of understanding how the networks in which leaders are embedded may enhance or diminish their well-being. Further, with this greater understanding, we describe how leaders can help promote the well-being of their employees. In particular, we focus on four key aspects of workplace networks that are likely to impact wellbeing: centrality, structural holes, embeddedness, and negative ties. We not only discuss practical implications for leaders’ well-being and the well-being of their employees, but also suggest directions for future research. Keywords: social networks, well-being, centrality, structural holes, embeddedness, negative ties, energy

Entrepreneurs rely on the people around them to build their own business. Entrepreneurs’ business ideas will only go as far as the advice, moral support, financial support, and access to relevant people will get them. How do the people around an entrepreneur choose the type and amount of help they will give? The answer to this lies in two dimensions of relationships: both within the relationship between the entrepreneur and the supporter, as well as in the relationship of the supporter with the people they know. The supporter is faced with a question: is the entrepreneur’s project relevant to them in any way? Relevance hinges on the way the entrepreneur presents the project, but also hinges on how the supporter deems the project to be of relevance within the context of their other relationships. This research examines how ties between entrepreneurs and supporters form and develop in the context of the social networks surrounding both the entrepreneur and the supporter. The focus of the present study is on the supporters that sustain entrepreneurs, as well as the entrepreneurs, since the support provided is assumed to be guided by the tie of the entrepreneur with the supporter as well as the supporter to other people. Studies of actors other than the entrepreneur who are involved in the entrepreneurship process have focused on investors, especially “friends, family, and fools” and venture capitalists. However, little is known about the decision to provide other types of support which sustain entrepreneurs, such as advice, moral support, and access to relevant people.

Literature on website personalization has adopted a demand-side perspective and studied either the direct effects of website personalization or the moderating effect of other demand-side variables on performance of website personalization. In so doing, the moderating effect of crucial supply-side variables, like technology choices for website personalization, has been ignored. To address the interaction between the supply-side and the demand-side, we ask the following question: What is the moderating effect of firm-level technology sourcing choices on the relation between website personalization and sales performance? We use the concepts of information efficiency and adaptability to develop our hypotheses. Using data from 500 US e-retailers, we contend that offering website personalization has a positive effect on sales, and that among firms that offer website personalization, the ones that use both internally and externally developed technology are likely to have greater sales performance than firms that use either internally or externally developed website personalization.

Building on the business model change literature, this paper addresses a blind spot in the literature related to the impact of organization-specific external controls on the process of business model change in large, established organizations. Based on a longitudinal case study of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), we identified 3 key phases in the development of the digital business model at the BBC, at the time of an industry shift towards digital broadcasting technologies. We also found that the Royal Charter acted as a hurdle to business model change of the BBC on one hand by limiting the scope of its activities. But on the other hand, it also provided the BBC with a stable resource base and a strong sense of mission. The main contribution of this article lies in identifying the 3-phase model of business model change in a large established organization and discussing the dual role that organization-specific external controls can play for business model change.

The finance industry has been singled out as a case of rampant unethical behavior and corporate greed. Drawing on scientific research on unethical behavior form the disciplines of psychology, behavioral ethics, behavioral economics, and organizational behavior, I discuss three characteristics of the finance industry that might explain the high level of unethical behavior in this domain of work. I review research explaining how the disproportionate representation of power and wealth might affect how people working in finance approach social relationships, with important consequences for their propensity to behave unethically. Next, I review the literature suggesting that competitive and demanding work environments that characterize many domains of finance affect the likelihood of unethical behavior both directly and through their effect on employees’ level of available self-regulatory resources. I also argue that the finance industry is marked by a low saliency of those affected by unethical actions and a low sense of personal agency in unethical behavior, and present work showing these factors that may prompt and license unethical conduct. Finally, I discuss how the understanding of the characteristics of the finance industry that contribute to the high level of unethical behavior in this domain may inform decision makers in regulating and managing unethical behavior in finance.

The goal of the scientific study of organizational behavior is to solve problems related to joint production marked by division of labor and interdependence. In this chapter, we focus on one key challenge of interdependent work in organizations, i.e., unethical behavior to illustrate how experiments have and can be used to advance the understanding of organizational behavior. The specific example of the study of unethical behavior serves the purpose of highlighting general principles about experimentation in organizational behavior research and pointing out how experiments can generate practical insights for organizations. We also examine why experimental methodology is not only the sole internally valid method but also often the most practical means of conducting research in organizational behavior. In so doing, we argue that the relative underuse of experiments by organizational behavior scholars is unfortunate and unnecessary. We advocate a greater use of experiments in organizational behavior research and propose that a combination of experimental and passive observational methodologies represents the most appropriate approach in most cases.

Despite growing attention from entrepreneurs, academics and the media, many aspects of business models remain under researched and confusing. Uncertainty about the basic dimensions of the model, the interlocking elements that combine to represent a viable business model, and their implications for organisations, continues. This literature review of business models examines the current challenges raised by the multiple understandings of business models in the academic research. We particularly highlight the appearance of a new research stream which introduces the concept of value sensing as an additional dimension to traditional value creation and value capture. We analyze how researchers comprehend Business Model components and the shift in the level of analysis from seeing business model as a description to a device, and the implications of this for Business Model Innovation. We identify the research opportunities arising from the different degrees of BMI, and potential barriers and antecedents to Business Model Innovation.

La littérature consacrée à la démocratie organisationnelle est marquée par la théorie de la dégénérescence, à savoir la difficulté pour les organisations démocratiques de maintenir sur la durée leurs caractéristiques égalitaires. Dans cette optique, l’étu

Magazines account for 30.4 % of the global publishing industry value in 2011 (Publishing Industry Profile: Global, 2012). Magazine publishing companies have been facing several technological discontinuities, and the Internet, in particular, is bringing into question the business model of these companies. This chapter will analyze how Sanoma Magazines International set up a renewed business model from 2010 to 2012. Sanoma Magazines International is in charge of Sanoma Media's activities in Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. The mother company, Sanoma Media, is a diversified media group that employs nearly 15,000 people in over 20 countries. In 2011, the group's net sales totaled € 2.7 billion. Technological discontinuities are “those rare, unpredictable innovations which advance a relevant technological frontier by an order-of-magnitude and which involve fundamentally different product or process design”(Anderson & Tushman, 1990). The Internet is indeed acting on the magazine industry as a technological discontinuity, transforming the way companies do business and the way consumers perceive the value proposition delivered by magazines. As a consequence, firms evolving in this industry have to find new ways to create and capture value following the emerging and blurred new zones of profit of the industry: their business models need to be renewed. So far, magazine publishing companies have been basing the value propositions delivered to customers on both the content and the context provided by the magazine reading experience. Magazines can be qualified as a two-sided market (Kaiser & Wright, 2006), where a two-sided market is defined “as one in which the volume of transactions between end-users depends on the structure and not only on the overall level of fees charged by the platform” (Rochet & Tirole, 2006). Therefore, there is an interaction between the reader and the advertiser mediated by the magazine when the consumer reads the ads. Magazine companies need to address both the market for magazine readership and advertising. The Internet and the development of mobile devices are challenging the established business model: content is distributed throughout various media channels to reach as many consumers as possible. This challenge leads to the research question of how magazine publishing companies facing technological discontinuities can renew their business models. To respond to this question, we focus on the case study of Sanoma Media International (SMI), a leading magazine publisher operating in ten countries in Europe. Following a qualitative approach, we collected data from internal documents, interviews, and a participant observation in the Project 2020 in which SMI redefines the environment of the firm and the value chain of the industry in order to renew the business model of the company. This case study provides a fine-grained analysis of the renewal of the company’s business model. It shows how SMI is redefining the perception of its environment, making choices about which resources and competences of the firm are mobilized in the renewed business model, and setting up a new position in the value chain of the industry in order to survive the technological discontinuity brought about by the Internet.

The focus of this conceptual paper is on how firms should organize for open innovation. We consider organizing for open innovation to be more intricate than just search strategies and hence elaborate a new definition of open innovation as a sequential two

Incumbent firms often experience difficulty when technological discontinuities occur in their industry. They have to renew their business models and may face cognitive barriers to business model exploration (Chesbrough 2010). In times of such uncertaint

This paper investigates the link between the transformation of the company’s dominant logic and business models renewal when large companies are facing technological discontinuities and a fast-evolving environment. The original concept of dominant logic

This article présents a typology of business models in the nanotechnology sector

In the last decades, organizational research has been evidencing more and more subtle forms of power to be at play in the workplace. It is intriguing though to observe the concomitant persistence, and even extension in scope, of the more traditional forms

Hosting contests to solicit input and ideas from regular consumers is becoming a common practice for companies like eYeka. In this case study, we describe the main steps of eYeka’s open-innovation process and explain how it forms a bridge between its clients and the members of its virtual community. We further elucidate that open Innovation intermediaries like eYeka are faced with one major challenge: how to sustain the motivation level of their community members so as to ensure their continued participation in innovation related online contests? eYeka has allowed its community members free entry into contests, has provided IPR security, and multiple monetary rewards. What other incentive should it offer to maintain a continued relationship and a stronger bond with its virtual community? In the end, considering the demographics of the eYeka’s community members, we offer certain suggestions to further motivate community members to participate more regularly.

Though numerous publications have depicted values and principles driving cooperatives, few have systematically informed us on how actors in the cooperative sector appropriate those. Whence, the following question remains unanswered: what does eventuall

Though numerous publications have depicted values and principles driving cooperatives, few have systematically informed us on how actors in the cooperative sector appropriate those. Whence, the following question remains unanswered : what does eventually interest the cooperative sector? By applying Actor-Network Theory (Latour, 2007) to the transmitting of a chartered accountants' firm to its employees, this study reveals that : 1) interesting the cooperative sector is ultimately conditional to the interessement of other actors, mostly employees; 2) cooperatives' actors ascribe an instrumental role to legal statuses whose significance is seen as lesser than cooperative ideals; 3) a drift seems to be operating in the hierarchy of cooperatives' values, members’ benefit being stepwise subordinated to concern for community.

Why are some firms better at open innovation than others? Research on this question is surprisingly limited. We develop a typology of different approaches to open innovation based on the degree of contribution and selection of external input. We use the a

Employee surveillance is rapidly becoming widespread in the modern workplace. The rise of information technologies is enabling the development of unprecedented methods of surveillance and employees as well as employers are now facing a need for a reassessment of the system of moral relations this phenomenon entails. This chapter provides an overview of the most widespread workplace surveillance methods and tries to identify the stakeholders and analyse the relations between them. Finally, the key findings of this ethical assessment are pointed out and guidelines for a morally responsible approach to workplace surveillance are proposed. The level of the analysis, in terms of the classification presented in Chapter two, is primarily the relation between a single company and its stakeholders. However, many of these concerns relate to fundamental societal principles and as such can only be fully appreciated if one takes into account the rootedness of business in overall societal dynamics.